Physiology
Human physiology coordinates transport among lungs, digestive organs, kidneys and endocrine targets to maintain internal fluid and temperature balance.
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Physiological Integration and Homeostasis
Human physiology coordinates transport among lungs, digestive organs, kidneys and endocrine targets to maintain internal fluid and temperature balance.
Open article →Absorption and Assimilation of Nutrients
Villi transfer digested monomers through intestinal mucosa into blood and lymph by diffusion, facilitated transport and active transport.
Open article →Mechanism of Breathing
Ventilation has inspiration and expiration phases produced by rib, intercostal-muscle and diaphragm movements that alter lung pressure.
Open article →Oxygen Transport by Haemoglobin
Blood carries a small dissolved oxygen fraction and a much larger reversible oxyhaemoglobin fraction controlled by partial pressure and tissue conditions.
Open article →Body Fluids and Blood Composition
Intracellular fluid lies inside cells; extracellular tissue fluid, plasma and lymph surround cells and support internal transport, exchange and blood volume.
Open article →Cardiac Cycle, Stroke Volume and Output
A cardiac cycle alternates filling and ejection; cardiac output equals heart rate times stroke volume, and stroke volume equals EDV minus ESV.
Open article →Urine Formation and Filtration Pressure
Kidneys form urine through glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption and secretion; opposing pressures leave a 10 mm Hg net filtration pressure.
Open article →Skeletal Muscle Contraction by Sliding Filaments
Skeletal muscle contracts when fixed-length actin and myosin filaments slide past one another in an energy-requiring process regulated by thin-filament proteins.
Open article →Generation and Conduction of Nerve Impulses
Nerve impulses are electrical signals carried along fibres by membrane potential created through unequal intracellular and extracellular ion distribution.
Open article →Hormones, Target Cells and Homeostasis
Endocrine glands release hormones as chemical messengers; only receptor-bearing target cells respond, coordinating metabolism, growth and internal balance.
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