Physical Chemistry
A solution is a homogeneous mixture whose solvent and solute may occur in solid, liquid or gaseous states.
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Solutions: Components, Types and Physical States
A solution is a homogeneous mixture whose solvent and solute may occur in solid, liquid or gaseous states.
Open article →Solution Concentration Terms and Units
Concentration can be expressed through amount, mass or volume ratios, each with a defined denominator and unit.
Open article →Standard, Stock and Working Solutions
A known-concentration stock solution can be diluted to prepare a working solution while conserving solute amount.
Open article →Solubility, Its Factors and Henry's Law
Solubility depends on solute-solvent interactions, temperature and pressure; Henry's law quantifies dilute gas solubility.
Open article →Vapour Pressure and Raoult's Law
Raoult's law relates each volatile component's partial pressure to its liquid-phase mole fraction in an ideal solution.
Open article →Ideal and Non-Ideal Solutions
Ideal solutions obey Raoult's law throughout composition, while interaction changes produce positive or negative deviations.
Open article →Colligative Properties and Relative Lowering
For a dilute solution, colligative properties depend on dissolved-particle number rather than chemical identity.
Open article →Boiling-Point Elevation and Freezing-Point Depression
A nonvolatile solute raises boiling point and lowers freezing point in proportion to molality for dilute solutions.
Open article →Osmosis, Osmotic Pressure and Reverse Osmosis
Osmosis moves solvent through a semipermeable membrane; osmotic pressure can stop it and greater pressure can reverse it.
Open article →Abnormal Molar Mass and Van't Hoff Factor
Solute association or dissociation changes particle count, so the Van't Hoff factor corrects colligative-property equations.
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