International Economics and Organisations
Understand why countries trade and why comparative cost, not absolute efficiency alone, determines specialisation.
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10 bilingual articles
International Trade: Basis, Specialisation and Gains
Understand why countries trade and why comparative cost, not absolute efficiency alone, determines specialisation.
Open article →Terms of Trade, Balance of Trade and Balance of Payments
Use the core formulae correctly and separate merchandise trade from the full external account.
Open article →Foreign-Exchange Market and Exchange-Rate Systems
Trace how external payments create currency demand and supply, then compare fixed, floating and managed rates.
Open article →FDI, Multinational Enterprises and Development Effects
Distinguish ownership and lasting influence from portfolio claims, then evaluate benefits and risks through transmission channels.
Open article →From GATT to WTO: Principles and Functions
Follow the legal transition and organise WTO work around non-discrimination, predictability, negotiation, monitoring and disputes.
Open article →WTO Agreements and Dispute Settlement
Classify agreement domains and understand why dispute settlement tests commitments rather than deciding trade policy anew.
Open article →IMF: Mandate, Lending and Special Drawing Rights
Organise IMF work into surveillance, balance-of-payments lending and capacity development, and identify what an SDR is.
Open article →World Bank Group and Development Finance
Separate IBRD and IDA from the wider Group and compare development finance with IMF balance-of-payments support.
Open article →Regional Economic Integration Ladder
Identify each integration form by the extra mechanism it adds, not by memorising a list of organisations.
Open article →Regional Integration: Economic Applications
Apply the mechanism test to South Asian preferences, ASEAN production integration and BRICS-created development and liquidity institutions.
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